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Learn
About Irritable
bowel syndrome (IBS)
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What Is Irritable Bowel Syndrome?
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Irritable
bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder of the intestines that
leads to crampy pain, gassiness, bloating, and changes in bowel
habits. Some people with IBS have constipation (difficult or
infrequent bowel movements); others have diarrhea (frequent loose
stools, often with an urgent need to move the bowels); and some
people experience both. Sometimes the person with IBS has a crampy
urge to move the bowels but cannot do so.
Through the years, IBS has been
called by many names--colitis, mucous colitis, spastic colon,
spastic bowel, and functional bowel disease. Most of these terms are
inaccurate. Colitis, for instance, means inflammation of the large
intestine (colon). IBS, however, does not cause inflammation and
should not be confused with another disorder, ulcerative colitis.
The cause of IBS is not known, and
as yet there is no cure. Doctors call it a functional disorder
because there is no sign of disease when the colon is examined. IBS
causes a great deal of discomfort and distress, but it does not
cause permanent harm to the intestines and does not lead to
intestinal bleeding of the bowel or to a serious disease such as
cancer. Often IBS is just a mild annoyance, but for some people it
can be disabling. They may be unable to go to social events, to go
out to a job, or to travel even short distances. Most people with
IBS, however, are able to control their symptoms through medications
prescribed by their physicians, diet, and stress management.

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What Causes IBS?
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The colon,
which is about 6 feet long, connects the small intestine with the
rectum and anus. The major function of the colon is to absorb water
and salts from digestive products that enter from the small
intestine. Two quarts of liquid matter enter the colon from the
small intestine each day. This material may remain there for several
days until most of the fluid and salts are absorbed into the body.
The stool then passes through the colon by a pattern of movements to
the left side of the colon, where it is stored until a bowel
movement occurs.
Colon motility (contraction of intestinal muscles and movement of
its contents) is controlled by nerves and hormones and by electrical
activity in the colon muscle. The electrical activity serves as a
"pacemaker" similar to the mechanism that controls heart
function.
Movements of the colon propel the
contents slowly back and forth but mainly toward the rectum. A few
times each day strong muscle contractions move down the colon
pushing fecal material ahead of them. Some of these strong
contractions result in a bowel movement.
Because doctors have been unable to
find an organic cause, IBS often has been thought to be caused by
emotional conflict or stress. While stress may worsen IBS symptoms,
research suggests that other factors also are important. Researchers
have found that the colon muscle of a person with IBS begins to
spasm after only mild stimulation. The person with IBS seems to have
a colon that is more sensitive and reactive than usual, so it
responds strongly to stimuli that would not bother most people.
Ordinary events such as eating and
distention from gas or other material in the colon can cause the
colon to overreact in the person with IBS. Certain medicines and
foods may trigger spasms in some people. Sometimes the spasm delays
the passage of stool, leading to constipation. Chocolate, milk
products, or large amounts of alcohol are frequent offenders.
Caffeine causes loose stools in many people, but it is more likely
to affect those with IBS. Researchers also have found that women
with IBS may have more symptoms during their menstrual periods,
suggesting that reproductive hormones can increase IBS symptoms.

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What Are the Symptoms of IBS?
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If you are
concerned about IBS, it is important to realize that normal bowel
function varies from person to person. Normal bowel movements range
from as many as three stools a day to as few as three a week. A
normal movement is one that is formed but not hard, contains no
blood, and is passed without cramps or pain.
People with IBS, on the other hand,
usually have crampy abdominal pain with painful constipation or
diarrhea. In some people, constipation and diarrhea alternate.
Sometimes people with IBS pass mucus with their bowel movements.
Bleeding, fever, weight loss, and persistent severe pain are not
symptoms of IBS but may indicate other problems.

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How Is IBS Diagnosed?
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IBS
usually is diagnosed after doctors exclude the presence of disease.
To get to that point, the doctor will take a complete medical
history that includes a careful description of symptoms. A physical
examination and laboratory tests will be done. A stool sample will
be tested for evidence of bleeding. The doctor also may do
diagnostic procedures such as x-rays or endoscopy (viewing the colon
through a flexible tube inserted through the anus) to find out if
there is disease.

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How Do Diet and Stress Affect IBS?
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The
potential for abnormal function of the colon is always present in
people with IBS, but a trigger also must be present to cause
symptoms. The most likely culprits seem to be diet and emotional
stress. Many people report that their symptoms occur following a
meal or when they are under stress. No one is sure why this happens,
but scientists have some clues.
Eating causes contractions of the
colon. Normally, this response may cause an urge to have a bowel
movement within 30 to 60 minutes after a meal. In people with IBS,
the urge may come sooner with cramps and diarrhea.
The strength of the response is
often related to the number of calories in a meal and especially the
amount of fat in a meal. Fat in any form (animal or vegetable) is a
strong stimulus of colonic contractions after a meal. Many foods
contain fat, especially meats of all kinds, poultry skin, whole
milk, cream, cheese, butter, vegetable oil, margarine, shortening,
avocados, and whipped toppings.
Stress also stimulates colonic
spasm in people with IBS. This process is not completely understood,
but scientists point out that the colon is controlled partly by the
nervous system. Stress reduction (relaxation) training or counseling
and support help relieve IBS symptoms in some people. However,
doctors are quick to note that this does not mean IBS is the result
of a personality disorder. IBS is at least partly a disorder of
colon motility.

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How Does a Good Diet Help IBS?
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For many
people, eating a proper diet lessens IBS symptoms. Before changing
your diet, it is a good idea to keep a journal noting which foods
seem to cause distress. Discuss your findings with your doctor. You
also may want to consult a registered dietitian, who can help you
make changes in your diet. For instance, if dairy products cause
your symptoms to flare up, you can try eating less of those foods.
Yogurt might be tolerated better because it contains organisms that
supply lactase, the enzyme needed to digest lactose, the sugar found
in milk products. Because dairy products are an important source of
calcium and other nutrients that your body needs, be sure to get
adequate nutrients in the foods that you substitute.
Dietary fiber may lessen IBS
symptoms in many cases. Whole grain breads and cereals, beans,
fruits, and vegetables are good sources of fiber. Consult your
doctor before using an over-the-counter fiber supplement. High-fiber
diets keep the colon mildly distended, which may help to prevent
spasms from developing. Some forms of fiber also keep water in the
stools, thereby preventing hard stools that are difficult to pass.
Doctors usually recommend that you eat just enough fiber so that you
have soft, easily passed, and painless bowel movements. High-fiber
diets may cause gas and bloating, but within a few weeks, these
symptoms often go away as your body adjusts to the diet.
Large meals can cause cramping and
diarrhea in people with IBS. Symptoms may be eased if you eat
smaller meals more often or just eat smaller portions. This should
help, especially if your meals are low in fat and high in
carbohydrates such as pasta, rice, whole-grain breads and cereals,
fruits, and vegetables.

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Can Medicines Relieve IBS
Symptoms?
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Your
doctor may prescribe fiber supplements or occasional laxatives if
you are constipated. Some doctors prescribe drugs that control colon
muscle spasms, drugs that slow the movement of food through the
digestive system, tranquilizers, or antidepressant drugs, all of
which may relieve symptoms.
It is important to follow the
physician's instructions when taking IBS medications--particularly
laxatives, which can be habit forming if not used carefully. 
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Is IBS Linked to Other Diseases?
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IBS has
not been shown to lead to any serious, organic diseases. No link has
been established between IBS and inflammatory bowel diseases such as
Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. IBS does not lead to cancer.
Some patients have a more severe form of IBS, and the pain and
diarrhea may cause them to withdraw from normal activities. These
patients need to work with their physicians to find the best
combination of medicine, diet, counseling, and support to control
their symptoms.

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Additional Readings
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 | Scanlon, D, Becnel, B. Wellness
Book of IBS. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989. Practical
patient's guide to coping with IBS written by a registered
dietitian. Available in libraries and bookstores.
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 | Shimberg, E. Relief From IBS.
New York: M. Evans and Company, 1988. Practical book for
patients offers information about IBS symptoms, diet, treatment,
and self-care. Available in libraries and bookstores.
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 | Steinhart, MJ. Irritable bowel
syndrome: How to relieve symptoms enough to improve daily
function. Postgraduate Medicine 1992; 91(6): 315-321.
Article for primary care physicians includes information about
relief of IBS symptoms. Available in medical and university
libraries.
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 | Thompson, WG. Gut reactions:
Understanding symptoms of the digestive tract. New York:
Plenum Publishing Corp., 1989. Clear, concise book by a
digestive diseases specialist gives advice about diagnosis,
diet, and treatment of IBS. Available in libraries and
bookstores. |
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